I Hear of Sherlock Everywhere: Burt Wolder

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Register for A Scintillation of Scions XI

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"Excellent, Watson! You scintillate today." [ILLU]</h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVOpXQjwLd4wedH7zaU9SP0F8qNlTiqob8qQqdoC6RDYL2EPm7hS8s4CQ6F4YTKr4pRUzUnzvlkDgWIO06mlP8uC9KlIhDr4iH5O3D7vj4yDUG7i4d0WnJyzihMbrNXJkQUoXaOhOO04fe/s1600/Scintillation+of+Scions+XI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1500" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVOpXQjwLd4wedH7zaU9SP0F8qNlTiqob8qQqdoC6RDYL2EPm7hS8s4CQ6F4YTKr4pRUzUnzvlkDgWIO06mlP8uC9KlIhDr4iH5O3D7vj4yDUG7i4d0WnJyzihMbrNXJkQUoXaOhOO04fe/s640/Scintillation+of+Scions+XI.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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There's still time for you to scintillate – by joining the annual family reunion of Sherlockians, <a href="https://www.scintillation.org/">A Scintillation of Scions XI</a>, in Maryland on June 8-9, 2018. It is a wonderful combination of scholarship, fun, silliness and friendship. There's a banquet, plenty of merchandise, and even a charitable element. This year's speakers will discuss everything from Holmes as hero to Watson's gambling to the female investigators who preceded and followed the Great Detective.<br />
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Head over to the Scintillation of Scions website at <a href="https://www.scintillation.org/">www.scintillation.org</a> and <a href="https://www.scintillation.org/registration.html">register</a> or to their <a href="https://www.facebook.com/events/244667449400951/">Facebook event</a> for full information, including speakers, agenda, amenities, lodging and more. <br />
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And be sure to check out our 2016 interview with the founder of the event, Jacquelynn Morris, BSI ("The Lion's Mane") in <a href="http://ihose.co/ihose107">I Hear of Sherlock Everywhere Episode 107</a>:<br />
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And if you choose to attend, have a great time and share lots of photos!<br />
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Register for A Scintillation of Scions XI

"Excellent, Watson! You scintillate today." [ILLU] There's still time for you to scintillate – by joining the annual fami...

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by Third Pillar

Hallelujah, Holmes

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"and did my best" [VALL]</h4>
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Love, Christmas and Sherlock Holmes have at least one thing in common: they’ve all been hugely popular subjects for songs.<br />
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The multi-talented Karen Wilson joined us on <a href="http://ihose.co/ihose111" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Episode 111: Hip Hop Holmes</a> to share her tribute to the Master patterned after Lin-Manuel Miranda’s <i>Hamilton</i>. Now comes a new, well-crafted ode in the style of another distinctive singer-composer.<br />
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Leonard Cohen was a Canadian singer, songwriter, musician, poet, novelist, and painter who passed away in 2016. Among the hundreds of memorable songs Cohen composed and sang in a career spanning almost 50 years was 1984’s “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallelujah_(Leonard_Cohen_song)" target="_blank">Hallelujah</a>,” evoking both early rock and gospel music. A version of Cohen's classic can be seen <a href="https://draft.blogger.com/%3Ciframe%20width=%22640%22%20height=%22360%22%20src=%22https://www.youtube.com/embed/YrLk4vdY28Q%22%20frameborder=%220%22%20allowfullscreen%3E%3C/iframe%3E" target="_blank">here</a> and below.<br />
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Karen’s latest contribution to the Sherlockian Songbook is “<a href="https://youtu.be/HN4RwlKsy7U" target="_blank">Hallelujah Holmes</a>,” encompassing Holmes as well as Christopher Morley and the BSI in its lyrics.  You can see and hear Karen’s performance of her song from the January 6, 2017 Gaslight Gala in New York City <a href="https://youtu.be/HN4RwlKsy7U">here</a> and below:<br />
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Hallelujah, indeed.<br />
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<i>Image credit: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leonard_Cohen_2107.jpg#/media/File:Leonard_Cohen_2107.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a></i><br />
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Hallelujah, Holmes

"and did my best" [VALL] Love, Christmas and Sherlock Holmes have at least one thing in common: they’ve all been hugely po...

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by Third Pillar

Conan Doyle Sues Own Estate from Beyond the Grave

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"opening a grave without the consent of the next-of-kin" [HOUN]</h4>
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Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes, has sued the Conan Doyle Estate, according to a lawsuit filed late yesterday in Tweenhauken, Pennsylvania.<br />
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Karl Planchette, owner of Planchette's Paranormal Parlor, says a Ouija board manufactured in 1890 had been vibrating mysteriously.<br />
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"I usually have the TV on, and this one board often hops around a little during the news. Last week there was a report about <a href="http://www.ihearofsherlock.com/search/label/Mr%20Holmes" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">some movie</a>, and it started to bounce around like crazy.  So I wrote down the letters and I was real surprised when I read it back and saw it was a lawsuit.  So I took it over to the courthouse," said Planchette.<br />
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According to Planchette, the complaint points to "statements harming the reputation of Arthur Conan Doyle as an individual deceased person and subjecting the character of Sherlock Holmes to groundless criticism."<br />
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Ouja board, long associated with paranormal beliefs, dictates complaints one letter at a time</h3>
"He was pretty steamed up for sure. It took almost two hours to write it all down. He wants them to sneeze and desist, but I’m pretty sure the sneeze part is a typo," said Planchette.<br />
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Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes, Professor Challenger, and author of  <i>The Lost World</i>, died in 1930 after a long career as a doctor, soldier, statesman and writer.  "He also wanted to know why no one is interested in <i>Sir Nigel</i>, whatever that is,” said Planchette.<br />
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More details of this astonishing story as it develops <a href="https://burtwolder.wordpress.com/2015/07/27/if-true-astonishing-news/" target="_blank">can be found here</a>.<br />
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Conan Doyle Sues Own Estate from Beyond the Grave

"opening a grave without the consent of the next-of-kin" [HOUN] Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes, has s...

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by Third Pillar

Horowitz's Moriarty Is an Ingenious Thriller

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"Sit down, and tell me how you came alive out of that dreadful chasm." [EMPT]</h4>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>R</b></span>eliable narrators are a rare breed, a fact that many of Dr. Watson’s readers will endorse with a knowing grumble.  That’s why we greet gladly the first-person voice who kicks off Anthony Horowitz’s <i>Moriarty</i>, (<a href="http://amzn.to/YQc366">Amazon US</a> |<a href="http://amzn.to/1pEVJeI"> Amazon UK</a>) by asking "Does anyone really believe what happened at the Reichenbach Falls?" Pinkerton's Frederick Chase is in Switzerland five days after the final struggle between Holmes and Moriarty. He begins his tale by modestly suggesting he may well fall short of Watson’s standards of accuracy and entertainment. Watson’s standards of accuracy? Now, wait a minute. That passing reference should be enough to put the cognoscenti immediately, and as it turns out, appropriately, on guard.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">O</span></b>n the surface, Chase is following the trail of a planned alliance between Moriarty and a mysterious American criminal mastermind. But as you might suspect, there are wheels within wheels in this imaginative tale, and we soon find ourselves back in Baker Street, or at least around the corner from Baker Street. While Chase may seem out of his depth in what he describes as his first visit to Europe, Scotland Yard’s Athelney Jones is not, and we are soon rattling through the streets of 1891 London in pursuit of shadowy villains.  </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>G</b></span>ood Sherlockians may lament Holmes's absence from the scene.  Happily, the inspector from <i>The Sign of the Four</i> has learned a thing or two from his encounters with the great detective and is eager to demonstrate his new-found gifts. He reads much of the Pinkerton man's background and habits at a glance. Both Chase and the reader soon feel they are in good hands, and Chase begins to slip into a mode that might almost be called Watsonian.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">E</span></b>ager to pick up the trail of their opponent, Jones somewhat curiously lets Chase, a Bostonian working in New York, impersonate the recently-deceased Moriarty to make contact with the American gang. The critical reader may reasonably wonder about such small details.  As Chase suggests in his early dismantling of Watson’s account from "The Final Problem," these events may lend themselves to more sinister interpretations.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">R</span></b>eliably, however, Anthony Horowitz weaves the cinematic and well-paced tale one might expect from the screenwriter who created <i>Foyle’s War</i>, <i>Midsomer Murders</i>, and much more.  </div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">A</span></b>merican gangsters have shaken up the London underworld from time to time, but none more so than the brutal and unprincipled gang whose trail Jones and Chase are following. We meet hit men and hooligans, kidnappers and assassins who imperil much of the city in new waves of violence. </div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">C</span></b>onspirators and scalawags from other cases are elegantly re-introduced, adding to the chaos of a London underworld turned upside down. Along with other elements familiar to readers of Watson's chronicles, including an ingenious coded message, these familiar characters make us feel right at home.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>K</b></span>eeping us on the edge of our seats is no easy feat, and Horowitz weaves in pursuits, cliffhangers and great escapes a-plenty. Along the way the two men develop a friendship,  and we learn something of Jones's home life.  For a time it even seems possible for the inspector to become history’s second consulting detective.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">R</span></b>especting the time period, Horowitz is scrupulous with details. We learn early on that Chase is composing this account on a Remington Model Two typewriter, which was introduced in 1878 and sold through the 1890s. The requisite broughams, hansoms, and odd corners of London appear in crisp descriptions.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>O</b></span>rbiting many of Holmes’s cases were illustrious clients, a tradition that continues here as we meet Robert Todd Lincoln, son of the American president and ambassador to the Court of St. James.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Y</b></span>ears ago S.S. Van Dine and others composed various rules for detective stories, chief among them that the author must play fair, put all the clues in plain sight, and give the reader an equal opportunity to solve the mystery.  The reader, of course, is supposed to be outwitted in the end, admiring the author’s ingenuity as the tale comes to a close. Horowitz’s ending indeed demonstrates considerable ingenuity, and an epilogue of sorts suggests several of these characters may be moving on to other adventures.   </div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">D</span></b>epend upon it.  We have not heard the last of the cast of <i>Moriarty</i>, or its accomplished author.<br />
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Horowitz's Moriarty Is an Ingenious Thriller

"Sit down, and tell me how you came alive out of that dreadful chasm." [EMPT] R eliable narrators are a rare breed, a f...

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by Third Pillar

The Basil Rathbone Hat Mystery

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"There are points in connection with it which are not entirely devoid of interest..."  [BLUE] </h4>
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[<i>Editor's note: the owner of the hat has offered an official response, verifying the authenticity of the hat. See below for the full statement.</i>]<br />
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Some Sherlockians signal their love of Holmes by wearing a deerstalker or donning a scarf worn by Benedict Cumberbatch. But if you fancy something, say, more in the style of <a href="http://amzn.to/1gFq8qV" target="_blank">Basil Rathbone in the 1940's</a>, well, that's a challenge. Coats, watches and clothes from the BBC are just a click away on <a href="http://www.sherlockabilia.com/index.html" target="_blank">Sherlockabilia</a> but good luck trying to find records from the Universal Pictures costume department in 1943.<br />
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Time and mystery are two reasons why Hollywood memorabilia auctions can make front page news.  The recent auction by Bonhams sold a Maltese Falcon statue used in the movie for over $4 million.  There was less excitement over a <a href="http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/21427/lot/221/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">jacket</a> worn by Basil Rathbone in the 1939 "Hound" ($13,750) -- and, in an auction by another firm, what appears to be <a href="http://www.icollector.com/Sherlock-Holmes-Basil-Rathbone-Donegal-Hat_i18037220" target="_blank">a hat worn by Basil Rathbone</a> in the Universal film series.  </div>
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The hat reportedly sold for $1,000.  But was it really worn by Rathbone?</div>
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As forensic expert Dr. Henry Lee observes, "when the eye does not see, the mind does not know."  We can learn much by studying photographs of Rathbone's headgear.</div>
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For the first three films the actor wore a thick-brimmed fedora. Universal used the same opening credits for the entire series, so you can see it at the beginning of any of the films, as the camera pans up to show Rathbone, puffing a non-canonical calabash, next to Bruce.  In "Sherlock Holmes Faces Death" he wore a rather undistinguished gray fedora. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rathbone in "The Voice of Terror"</td></tr>
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<u>Rathbone's Universal Films - Release Dates</u> </h4>
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<li><i>The Voice of Terror</i> - September 1942</li>
<li><i>Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon</i> - February 1943</li>
<li><i>Sherlock Holmes in Washington</i> - April 1943</li>
<li><i>Sherlock Holmes Faces Death</i> - September 1943</li>
<li><i>The Spider Woman</i> - January 1944</li>
<li><i>The Scarlet Claw</i> - May 1944</li>
<li><i>The Pearl of Death</i> - August 1944</li>
<li><i>The House of Fear</i> - March 1945</li>
<li><i>Dressed to Kill</i> - June 1945</li>
<li><i>The Woman in Green</i> - July 1945</li>
<li><i>Pursuit to Algiers</i> - October 1945</li>
<li><i>Terror by Night</i> - February 1946</li>
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The tweed hat made its first appearance in <i>The Spider Woman</i>, the fifth film in the Universal series, released in January 1944.  </div>
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Compare Rathbone's hat to the one in the photo below worn by Matthew Boulton playing Inspector Gregson in "The Woman in Green," released in July 1945.  Rathbone's hat is styled along the same lines as Boulton's, with a high crown, thick band and wide brim.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkp7IJJ2BzrZrA9YaMoXmBaYGIUI4vujer0nN-nbv8AC4KnG3haXj3ZUvzpxDkIriIe0t_PUZfs_MAtWyBEEEl8xrxRdjmF0xwTQHnDE-g_nK5uUIJYPwt9KXjPjhbj-OXmsCgEAiSv1Ml/s1600/Gregson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkp7IJJ2BzrZrA9YaMoXmBaYGIUI4vujer0nN-nbv8AC4KnG3haXj3ZUvzpxDkIriIe0t_PUZfs_MAtWyBEEEl8xrxRdjmF0xwTQHnDE-g_nK5uUIJYPwt9KXjPjhbj-OXmsCgEAiSv1Ml/s640/Gregson.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Matthew Boulton as Inspector Gregson from "The Woman in Green"</td></tr>
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Careful examination of the Universal films leads to a set of dimensions for Rathbone's hat, starting with a closeup from a high-contrast still from "Pursuit to Algiers."</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc8ittfEpE6i2UtUE7bz_1SpOLGs9jBukkJVBJZgQ33hVyTFURZMglifdAjgoI1yLOIfxBoNExQK3mFlOcqjGmlQ61T6lRdHppdIHRbaqhpk5Bzl3YFtE7GX3QXEOKsyZCv_8X8g4UL4nV/s1600/Rathbone+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc8ittfEpE6i2UtUE7bz_1SpOLGs9jBukkJVBJZgQ33hVyTFURZMglifdAjgoI1yLOIfxBoNExQK3mFlOcqjGmlQ61T6lRdHppdIHRbaqhpk5Bzl3YFtE7GX3QXEOKsyZCv_8X8g4UL4nV/s640/Rathbone+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Reference points from facial elements suggest these general dimensions for Rathbone's hat:</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpQxOoeoO2aZVB6QaNy7rPwCKK1acWHf41Jekc3g8uSoOL3M4gU-CNibuW1rSiFP4fs1fXoklbUeYf8BApZghnkoblV802xYp5u2YTyi4mhZ4KBC7_k-HBsYABh09JbdwoG2n2enF1HLVl/s1600/Rathbone+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpQxOoeoO2aZVB6QaNy7rPwCKK1acWHf41Jekc3g8uSoOL3M4gU-CNibuW1rSiFP4fs1fXoklbUeYf8BApZghnkoblV802xYp5u2YTyi4mhZ4KBC7_k-HBsYABh09JbdwoG2n2enF1HLVl/s640/Rathbone+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The hat also <a href="https://plus.google.com/photos/118216759969087724610/albums/5968787357291363841?authkey=CIyinq-czKOhFg" target="_blank">appears in color in many of the lobby cards</a> from the film series (see slideshow below). Kodachrome 35mm color still film (introduced in 1936) could have been used for these pictures.  If the stills were not otherwise tinted by Universal's publicity department, it seems that Rathbone wore either brown or gray tweed hats.  Brown was a typical costume tone in black and white movies as it read well on screen.<br />
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One crucial fact about Rathbone's hat is that it was lined, possibly in white silk, as suggested by this photograph from "The Woman in Green."  Rathbone's hat hangs on the coat rack with the lining towards the viewer,  reflecting light from the set.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTd3j_8mDrflYcuPQYGDhnxs6aEWeVRp8YTubzOGlhPimFbmKG9wg__rKYdjiDyY4i2XHMOoOohaiSpnlfWZ9nYDbjykhI3BQfNKKaFj9HhWX127m5Ynhabclh5k-JQJkfo5GBQZBZMKRI/s1600/1945+Woman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTd3j_8mDrflYcuPQYGDhnxs6aEWeVRp8YTubzOGlhPimFbmKG9wg__rKYdjiDyY4i2XHMOoOohaiSpnlfWZ9nYDbjykhI3BQfNKKaFj9HhWX127m5Ynhabclh5k-JQJkfo5GBQZBZMKRI/s640/1945+Woman.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<h4>
Curious and Curiouser</h4>
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The hat offered at auction appears to differ from Rathbone's hat in several ways.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4gLQziILDdy17lvp7doc6t6ZzLJalnwdULq83WE4YxfpmFNlj8xKjUzGV0DmBMi5zI58dkW3GFVuYc1kZ3088XVwO-mMGeR1h5qXSWU9Vx3AcwBeN_slRHaKg22Gn5lPzcGx2fRUowBTZ/s1600/Auction+Hat.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4gLQziILDdy17lvp7doc6t6ZzLJalnwdULq83WE4YxfpmFNlj8xKjUzGV0DmBMi5zI58dkW3GFVuYc1kZ3088XVwO-mMGeR1h5qXSWU9Vx3AcwBeN_slRHaKg22Gn5lPzcGx2fRUowBTZ/s640/Auction+Hat.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Fabric pattern -</b>  The photo of the auction hat seems darker than Rathbone's Donegal tweed weave.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXgXQ6G8HErGyZ1EiTbN9379kv3RLtx7xMjrkh-kkxihm2hrppTM_VpiQXpdOYySdnrMOMxXLzDjf2IkFJ0g6yCLDhaEz1xYpORRwTKsL7h65o_FFGzjS23_4KOc7PtXxp1LtYwxCvt8F1/s1600/Auction+Hat+Label.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXgXQ6G8HErGyZ1EiTbN9379kv3RLtx7xMjrkh-kkxihm2hrppTM_VpiQXpdOYySdnrMOMxXLzDjf2IkFJ0g6yCLDhaEz1xYpORRwTKsL7h65o_FFGzjS23_4KOc7PtXxp1LtYwxCvt8F1/s640/Auction+Hat+Label.png" width="476" /></a></div>
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However, this auction picture above, showing the label, seems to show a weave more akin to the Donegal pattern.</div>
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<b>Brim depth </b>-  The auction hat appears to have a shorter brim, less than 2.25 inches.</div>
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<b>Band height -</b>  The auction hat appears to have a narrower or shorter band than Rathbone's.</div>
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<b>Lining color - </b> Rathbone's hat, at least in "The Woman in Green," appears to be lined in a light-colored fabric.</div>
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Rathbone's hat from the Universal series was a success because it evolved the great detective's deerstalker to a more contemporary yet distinctive style.  In so doing, by the way, Universal's costume designers tipped their hats, as it were, to a prior Sherlock, Clive Brook, who wore the headgear for the first sound Sherlock Holmes film in 1929.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpO_RmwM5kSOPR0Jm_U640huEbyQT3pKnrpngfXwkG4lN_BRxOiA1-F19a6847AoZTrhgawq7VMVYHl7io9bMix2zfI-R16HconbaHXsMGXNvLZW2EObbMWnaiEPEn2TlFXHOW9iamG4Hb/s1600/1929+The+Return.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpO_RmwM5kSOPR0Jm_U640huEbyQT3pKnrpngfXwkG4lN_BRxOiA1-F19a6847AoZTrhgawq7VMVYHl7io9bMix2zfI-R16HconbaHXsMGXNvLZW2EObbMWnaiEPEn2TlFXHOW9iamG4Hb/s640/1929+The+Return.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Clive Brook, with H. Reeves Smith, from "The Return of Sherlock Holmes"</td></tr>
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Holmesians, what say you?  Is there cause for doubt?  And are there Sherlockian wardrobe elements, perhaps from films long gone, you would like to have? <br />
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UPDATE: </h4>
We were contacted by the owner of the hat, who gave us this statement:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The Basil Rathbone hat recently sold at auction has an iron-clad chain of evidence leading right back to the costumer for the Universal Sherlock Holmes films, and indeed couldn't have been sold as represented without it being completely vetted. The fact is that Rathbone had several hats that he wore throughout the series, similarly styled. Speculation based on hand-tinted lobby cards, or a grainy black and white screen captures, or estimates of size, etc., based upon a thumbnail photograph without anything else in the photograph for context or comparison is, to put it as gently as possible, worthless. To be compelled to debate this, or even dignify it with a response, is to give it credence. It's Rathbone's hat (at least it is one of them). This piece has done nothing but cast doubt on something that is not in doubt, and irresponsibly forced a “defense” for something that should not have to be defended. </blockquote>
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