I Hear of Sherlock Everywhere

Watson, You Handsome Devil!

<h4 style="text-align: center;">
“With
your natural advantages, Watson" [RETI] </h4>
<h4 style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwCJbu28urJLyJNNngUroKV4WAlYstygvc27B46fWUIzZzT5qZZu9HHgGlSQvnbgqCxQ1NJ0ouhluod9gN_jyiQZ35Iom-RoJcLPVbyKeT3lt4yl37kLmuKnuEdYcGgpqdo6kcZoLliIPk/s1600/DrWatson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Dr. Watson in profile" border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwCJbu28urJLyJNNngUroKV4WAlYstygvc27B46fWUIzZzT5qZZu9HHgGlSQvnbgqCxQ1NJ0ouhluod9gN_jyiQZ35Iom-RoJcLPVbyKeT3lt4yl37kLmuKnuEdYcGgpqdo6kcZoLliIPk/s1600/DrWatson.jpg" title="Dr. Watson" width="400" /></a></h4>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As the world
awaits <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sherlock</i> Series Four the talk
is, per usual, of the sex appeal of Benedict Cumberbatch. In an interview
posted on <a href="http://www.bigissue.com/features/interviews/5075/mark-gatiss-interview-benedict-cumberbatch-has-made-sherlock-holmes-sexy" target="_blank">The Big Issue</a>, series co-creator Mark Gatiss states, </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“There is
something very Mr Darcy-esque about his Sherlock. He is unattainable. He
explicitly claims no interest in either sex, therefore he becomes very
desirable. But the way Ben plays him and the way he looks is quite Byronic. He
has made Sherlock Holmes sexy.”</span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Well, yes. But that is nothing new for Holmes. <a href="http://www.ihearofsherlock.com/search/label/William%20Gillette#.VTGkwSFViko" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">William Gillette</a> was already a matinée idol
when he brought the literary detective to the stage in 1899,  and his Holmes generated fangirl
squeee among <i>fin de siècle</i> theater goers. Edward Lauterbach in “The
Straightjacket of Success: Further Notes on Gillette’s <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sherlock Holmes</i>” (Vol 30, No 4 December 1980) writes:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In her
delightful memoir of the early nineteen-hundreds, Gretchen Finletter [<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">From the Top of the Stairs</i> (Boston:
Little, Brown, 1946)], recalls the girlish admiration she and her friends
offered Gillette for his portrayal of Sherlock Holmes. At the school which
Gretchen attended, the girls worshipped either Maude Adams as Peter Pan or
William Gillette. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“The
Gillette fans felt they were better organised and much more sophisticated than
the Peter Pan group: The advantage of the Gillette circle, as opposed to the
Maude Adams party, lay largely in the fact that William Gillette was a man.
Little girls of nine and ten adored Maude Adams. It was silly. To shiver over
Sherlock Holmes in his silk dressing gown when he cried, “Quick, Watson, the
needle!” bared his arm and stuck the hypodermic into the upper wrist, and then gazed
out over the audience with that, oh, so tired look—that was a moment of mature experience
in one’s life. It made the Peter Pan goings on mere childish falderal.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIkRhVoo7bcPxLr_LegeRDg1uwPU_A3zfoiSoZvlexM6vW9C8FDwLW1Q8DAdN6xHdl8WRKSGvOzdm7AKfC9AAgTIwGbeQdeZFaXe5psUCpjy8RgcG9PF1hSoinTMEVHTsxyDbatyblSyrN/s1600/Gillette_in_Secret_Service_-_FullBody_Shot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="William Gillette in Secret Service" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIkRhVoo7bcPxLr_LegeRDg1uwPU_A3zfoiSoZvlexM6vW9C8FDwLW1Q8DAdN6xHdl8WRKSGvOzdm7AKfC9AAgTIwGbeQdeZFaXe5psUCpjy8RgcG9PF1hSoinTMEVHTsxyDbatyblSyrN/s1600/Gillette_in_Secret_Service_-_FullBody_Shot.jpg" title="William Gillette in Secret Service" width="308" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">William Gillette in <i>Secret Service</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Basil
Rathbone was no slouch in the looks department, either and he could make his
Holmes smolder as in the pick-up scene with Hillary Brook in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Woman in Green </i>(1945). Handsome,
suave and debonair Roger Moore traded the suave and debonair for Boy Scout
earnest in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sherlock Holmes in New York </i>(1976).
The handsome stayed and there were few complaints about <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">that</i> aspect of the made-for-TV movie. Robert Downey, Jr. and Jonny
Lee Miller’s Sherlocks frequently doff their shirts while BBC <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sherlock</i> has offered up his backside. If
Steven Moffat and Gatiss have Cumberbatch in disguise as Escott the plumber,
there might be another opportunity for Sherlock butt crack in 2016.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the comic
books Holmes has been portrayed with movie-star or rugged good-looks and even occasionally
as chiseled-chinned beefcake.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This is, of
course, a far cry from Arthur Conan Doyle’s Holmes. As Watson describes him in
<i>A Study in Scarlet</i>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His very
person and appearance were such as to strike the attention of the most casual
observer. In height he was rather over six feet, and so excessively lean that
he seemed to be considerably taller. His eyes were sharp and piercing, save
during those intervals of torpor to which I have alluded; and his thin,
hawk-like nose gave his whole expression an air of alertness and decision. His
chin, too, had the prominence and squareness which mark the man of
determination. His hands were invariably blotted with ink and stained with
chemicals, yet he was possessed of extraordinary delicacy of touch, as I
frequently had occasion to observe when I watched him manipulating his fragile
philosophical instruments.</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is Sidney
Paget’s art in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Strand</i> that have
become the <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Sherlock-Holmes-Portrait-Profile-Klinefelter/dp/1482371111/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1429235309&sr=1-1&keywords=walter+klinefelter">iconic image of Holmes</a> and though they vary in their depiction of
Holmes from handsome to ugly, Doyle stated to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tit-Bits</i> in a 1900 interview that Holmes “as I saw him in my imagination--was quite different from that which Mr. Paget pictured....In my own mind, however, he was a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>more beaky-nosed, hawk-faced man approaching
more to the Red Indian type....” That is, no matter how Paget drew him, Doyle saw him as less attractive still.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While Watson
rarely describes himself, it is the good doctor who is the looker of the duo
and we have that on the authority of Holmes:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“With your
natural advantages, Watson, every lady is your helper and accomplice. What
about the girl at the post-office, or the wife of the greengrocer? I can
picture you whispering soft nothings with the young lady at the Blue Anchor,
and receiving hard somethings in exchange. All this you have left undone."
[RETI]</span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">“The Retired
Colourman” took place in 1898 or 1899 according to internal evidence and using the
generally accepted 1852 as the year of Watson’s birth that means that Watson is
46 or 47 years old. While we may note the good-natured ribbing in the double
entendre, we can definitely deduce that the middle-aged medico is Cary Grant/George
Clooney good-looking. Holmes expects it would be no problem to charm
information out of a twenty-something postal worker, a married and harried business woman
and a hard-bitten waitress who has heard every come-on at least a dozen times.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Can we also
detect a trace of envy in Holmes statement? Holmes “had a remarkable gentleness
and courtesy in his dealings with women. He disliked and distrusted the sex, but
he was always a chivalrous opponent,” [DYIN] but no doubt that came after studied
practice for his profession, not naturally nor with “natural advantages”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While early
movie Watsons such as Ian Fleming and Athole Stewart were more handsome than
their Holmeses, Arthur Wontner and Raymond Massey respectively, before Nigel
Bruce the cinematic doctor was a minor character at best. It was Bruce's Watson who
became the indispensable partner of Holmes, albeit as avuncular comedy relief.
Bruce’s legacy has had a long reach; while he may not have been the <a href="http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=duff">duff</a>, Watson thereafter was often portrayed as an old-duffer, a bumbler or slow on the uptake. Occasionally he was competent,
but rarely a man you could say had “experience of women which extends over many
nations and three separate continents.” (That line of Watson’s, by the way, is
not braggadocio but an attempt to dispel the impression that he was a love-besotted
mooncalf every time he was around Mary Morstan. A failed attempt in some opinions.) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While Violet de Merville wouldn't kick Ben Kingsley's dapper Watson from <i>Without A Clue</i> (1988) from her bed, it's Jude Law,
and to a lesser extent Lucy Liu, who broke new ground by being a Watson competent and better-looking than Holmes. No knock to Martin Freeman but it is
Cumberbatch’s Sherlock who’s the diva who sometimes treats John as an accessory
(from "<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Empty Hearse"</span>: Sherlock: “Well,
we’ll have to get rid of that [referring to a picture of John’s mustache]….He
looks ancient. I can’t be seen to be wandering around with an old man.”) Whatever
else the Warner Bros. franchise may have in the way of Canonical faults, they
seem to have gotten the looks ratio between Holmes and Watson about right.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some may
counter the notion of a handsome Watson from a passage in “The Sussex Vampire”—undated
in the text but generally supposed to take place in 1896:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Promptly at
ten o'clock next morning Ferguson strode into our room. I had remembered him as
a long, slab-sided man with loose limbs and a fine turn of speed, which had
carried him round many an opposing back. There is surely nothing in life more
painful than to meet the wreck of a fine athlete whom one has known in his
prime. His great frame had fallen in, his flaxen hair was scanty, and his
shoulders were bowed. I fear that I roused corresponding emotions in him.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">"Hullo,
Watson," said he, and his voice was still deep and hearty. "You don't
look quite the man you did when I threw you over the ropes into the crowd at
the Old Deer Park. I expect I have changed a bit also. But it's this last day
or two that has aged me.”</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I’ll take
Holmes assessment over Big Bob Ferguson’s any day. Ferguson obviously divined
Watson’s shocked reaction to his appearance, and, as misery loves company,
couldn’t help but take a jab at an old competitor. Perhaps Watson had changed--from an “Adonis-like” youth to merely just a “damned handsome” man.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“We all are
extremely proud of Benedict Cumberbatch. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sherlock</i>
turned him from a respected actor into a star,” said Gatiss. Well deserved,
too. But when it comes to Canonical sexy, it’s Sherlock Holmes who walks in
John Watson’s comely shadow.</span></div>
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--<br />
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Watson, You Handsome Devil!

“With your natural advantages, Watson" [RETI] As the world awaits Sherlock Series Four the talk is, per usual, of the sex appea...

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by James C. O'Leary

Saturday Matinee: The Mystery of the Leaping Fish

<h4 style="text-align: center;">
"Yet there was certainly an element of comedy" [3GAR]</h4>
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<br />
Humor in Holmesian pastiche usually occurs within a given historical context. For example, the Guy Ritchie films with Robert Downey Jr. take their cues from "buddy-action" films, while 1988's <b><a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096454/?ref_=nv_sr_1" target="_blank"><i>Without a Clue</i></a></b> is much more farcical. Given that current times might not see certain behaviors as grist for humor, there is an element of slightly forbidden pleasure when watching the 1916 silent comedy  <i><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8W52FNmEFY" target="_blank">The Mystery of the Leaping Fish</a></i>.<br />
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For many who participated in the making of this film, <i>The Mystery of the Leaping Fish</i> is an unusual departure for many of the participants. For Douglas Fairbanks (who stars as Coke Ennyday, a riff on Craig Kennedy), it was a chance for the swashbuckling hero to star in a madcap comedy. (In his portrayal of a Holmes-like character, Fairbanks gives him a slightly greater physicality, and many of the stunts - including an aquatic sequence - have a great energy and enthusiasm). The writer - Tod Browning - would later direct movies like <i><b>Freaks</b> </i>and <b><i>Dracula</i></b>. There is even a more tragic aspect - Alma Rubens (who plays Ennyday's assistant) died due to morphine addiction...<br />
<br />
And it is that casual, comic portrayal of drug addiction that gives <i>The Mystery of the Leaping Fish</i> a slightly unusual edge. Much like within canon stories, there is a seeming acceptance of regular cocaine use as it was seen as something of a "wonder drug". Given that within twenty years of <i>Leaping Fish</i>, both the <a href="http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-harrison-act.htm" target="_blank">Harrison Act</a> and the <a href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93301189" target="_blank">Hayes Code</a> would make it harder to make such a lighthearted look at addiction....but for Sherlockians, <i>The Mystery of The Leaping Fish</i> is an interesting curiosity, and well worth seeking out.

Saturday Matinee: The Mystery of the Leaping Fish

"Yet there was certainly an element of comedy" [3GAR] Humor in Holmesian pastiche usually occurs within a given historical co...

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by Gordon D

St. George and his Sherlock Holmes Connections

<h4 style="text-align: center;">
"Saints have never flourished in those parts" [HOUN]</h4>
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<br />
Everybody knows of St. Patrick's Day on March 17, honoring the patron saint of Ireland, but England's patron saint, George, marks his Day today, April 23, with far less press. (The other two components of the United Kingdom also have saints: Scotland's St. Andrew is honored on November 30, Wales's St. David on March 1.)<br />
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<div>
St. George's Day is not an English holiday, and the St. George's Cross, red on a white background, is associated mostly with soccer fans, though it does appear as one component of the Union Jack. St. George is, however, a significant figure in English folklore and literature, so it's no surprise that he makes a few appearances in the tales of Sherlock Holmes. </div>
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Three explicit mentions of him have, as one might expect, a religious connection. </div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>From <b>"The Man with the Twisted Lip"</b>: "Isa Whitney, brother of the late Elias Whitney, DD, Principal of the Theological College of St. George's, was much addicted to opium." </li>
<li>In <b>"The Noble Bachelor"</b> there are two mentions of  the location of the ill-fated wedding, <a href="http://www.stgeorgeshanoversquare.org/" target="_blank">St. George's Church in Hanover Square</a>. </li>
<li>From <b>"The Crooked Man"</b>: "Mrs. Barclay was, it appears, a member of the Roman Catholic Church and had interested herself very much in the establishment of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_St_George" target="_blank">Guild of St. George</a>, which was formed in connection with the Watt Street Chapel for the purpose of supplying the poor with cast-off clothing."</li>
</ol>
<br />
But it's also St. George who is meant when Sherlock Holmes in "The Priory School" and "The Six Napoleons" swears "By George!" In fact the same oath is used ten times in canonical stories — twice by Holmes, twice by Lestrade, twice by Carruthers of "The Solitary Cyclist", and once each by Stapleton, Inspector Martin, Stanley Hopkins, and Leverton, hero of the Long Island cave mystery, in "The Red Circle", who is certainly no Englishman. These incidents all come in the second half of the canon. It can be assumed that "By George!" is a euphemistic substitution for "By God!" but even so it was strong language, apparently not suitable for use in any of the Holmes tales published before the twentieth century.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9jz8kIy5emxgqIOQw_mKF0AY_Fa9C98h0AE0FiX893VemoLVosczeDM0vZtyI2z5gTbI6BGjVSlw1wUXwGsMdDIuVHZfegDWsqNFveRvBSUIA4oaOAQr6FtVUO0SuzVqtvPIOIpicu7tg/s1600/Union_Flag_and_St_Georges_Cross.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9jz8kIy5emxgqIOQw_mKF0AY_Fa9C98h0AE0FiX893VemoLVosczeDM0vZtyI2z5gTbI6BGjVSlw1wUXwGsMdDIuVHZfegDWsqNFveRvBSUIA4oaOAQr6FtVUO0SuzVqtvPIOIpicu7tg/s1600/Union_Flag_and_St_Georges_Cross.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Credit: "<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Union_Flag_and_St_Georges_Cross.jpg#/media/File:Union_Flag_and_St_Georges_Cross.jpg" target="_blank">Union Flag and St Georges Cross</a>" by THOR - Summer Sky in Southsea England. <br />
Licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons </td></tr>
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St. George himself was no Englishman either, but a Roman soldier, born in Palestine in the third century AD. The principal legend about his life is that he killed a (presumably diabolical) dragon, rescuing a maiden in the process. On the strength of that feat of heroism he is the patron saint not only of England but of Portugal, Bulgaria, Ethiopia, and dozens of other places, not to mention the Scout movement and herpes sufferers. In his honor, April 23 is a holiday in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.<br />
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And in his honour, according to one recent count, England has 104 pubs called the "George and Dragon". None of them figures in the Sherlock Holmes tales, although Holmes and Watson stay at the "Green Dragon," perhaps representing the creature St. George slew, when they leave London to investigate the affair of "Shoscombe Old Place". Charles Augustus Milverton's safe is a metaphorical dragon, "this green and gold monster, the dragon which held in its maw the reputation of many fair ladies," and in that case Holmes himself stands in for St. George when he conquers the monster.<br />
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A very familiar reference to England's patron saint comes in the play <i>Henry V</i>, whose author, William Shakespeare, happens to mark his birthday on St. George's Day. He provides a brilliant speech for the young king, rallying his troops before the battle of Agincourt, which was fought exactly 600 years ago this October. "Follow your spirit," Henry (or Harry) urges them, "and upon this charge, Cry — God for Harry! England and Saint George!" Just a few words earlier, what does Henry tell his soldiers? All Sherlockians know that clarion call, which Sherlock Holmes quotes as he rouses Watson in "The Abbey Grange": <br />
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"The game's afoot!" </blockquote>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Image credit: <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APaolo_Uccello_047.jpg" target="_blank">Paolo Uccello [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons</a></span></i><br />
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St. George and his Sherlock Holmes Connections

"Saints have never flourished in those parts" [HOUN] Everybody knows of St. Patrick's Day on March 17, honoring the patro...

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by Chris Redmond

The BBC Sherlock Is Actually Indian

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"Good gracious, Mr. Holmes" [3STU]</h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHmlcsrZ8PktV9LoRpZgfF70hoNgJsh07vPsDPHdpJ-OZ-x4F7iYtCPW7YsD3JiT2crb_vx8oj2d8mJM_4Ut8JA03tGIO8JJ6vOyK-PJD2v-_aSH8vM_rq9U54aiPCWYm3HfOdxtAsipzA/s1600/Fort+of+Agra+-+cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHmlcsrZ8PktV9LoRpZgfF70hoNgJsh07vPsDPHdpJ-OZ-x4F7iYtCPW7YsD3JiT2crb_vx8oj2d8mJM_4Ut8JA03tGIO8JJ6vOyK-PJD2v-_aSH8vM_rq9U54aiPCWYm3HfOdxtAsipzA/s1600/Fort+of+Agra+-+cropped.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i>Sherlock</i> is an <a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/10501730/Sherlock-how-it-became-a-global-phenomenon.html" target="_blank">international phenomenon</a>. From the legions of fans who travel to catch a glimpse of Speedy's Cafe on North Gower Street (the very real street where Baker Street is set in the series) to the hordes of online tributes to the show on Tumblr, blogs and discussion forums, there are devoted fans from around the world who dissect the episodes and wait (and wait...and wait...) for the new seasons to arrive.<br />
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But you might be surprised to learn that new evidence has been uncovered to indicate that <i>Sherlock</i> is not a British export at all. While it may be globally popular, there are indications that Sherlock is actually an Indian show about an Indian detective.<br />
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We'll leave it to the characters in Goodness Gracious Me to give you <a href="https://youtu.be/aqc9mQEbmS4" target="_blank">the explanation</a>.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aqc9mQEbmS4" width="640"></iframe><br />
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Thanks to Kumar Bhatia of the <a href="http://www.sherlockholmessociety.in/" target="_blank">Sherlock Holmes Society of India</a> for the tip.<br />
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And as a bonus, here's the <i>Sherlock </i>theme <a href="https://youtu.be/EuO6rdsnN8c" target="_blank">as played by the Indian Jam Project</a>:<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EuO6rdsnN8c?rel=0" width="640"></iframe><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Image credit: "<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_du_fort_d%27Agra_(1901).jpg#/media/File:Plan_du_fort_d%27Agra_(1901).jpg">Plan du fort d'Agra (1901)</a>" by <span lang="en">Unknown</span> - scanned from <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%27s_Handbooks_for_Travellers" title="en:Murray's Handbooks for Travellers">Murray's Handbooks for Travellers</a> <a class="external text" href="http://openlibrary.org/books/OL23302766M/A_handbook_for_travellers_in_India_Burma_and_Ceylon_.." rel="nofollow">A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon (8th ed.), London: J. Murray, 1911</a> by <a class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/identity_info.html" rel="nofollow">Prof. Emerita Frances Pritchett, Columbia University</a>. Image found at <a class="external free" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/agrafort/maps/murray1901.jpg" rel="nofollow">http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/agrafort/maps/murray1901.jpg</a> in Sept 2013 and used with permission from FP.. Licensed under Public Domain via <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/">Wikimedia Commons</a>.</i></span><br />
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